Desensitization and counterconditioning are powerful techniques for helping dogs overcome fear and reactivity. By gradually exposing them to their triggers in a positive way, you can help them develop new associations and emotional responses. Avoid punishment based training, as this will only change the outward behavior, not the emotions behind it (well, it may change them for the worse). Here’s a general guide:

Identify the Triggers: Start by pinpointing what triggers your dog’s reactivity. Common triggers include other dogs, people, loud noises, or specific objects. Observe your dog’s behavior and note what causes them to react.

Create a Safe Space: Provide your dog with a safe space where they feel calm and secure. This could be a crate, a bed/mat, or a comforting room

Build Up Trust: A dog that trusts its handler to advocate for them and do right by them is much less likely to react poorly to stimuli than the same dog with a handler it has no bond with. Bonding heavily with the dog will help them feel more secure.

Start at a Distance: Begin exposing your dog to the trigger at a distance where they don’t react. This could be across the street from another dog, in a different room from a person, or with a noise played at a low volume. Do not put them over threshold, stop before they react.

Pair the Trigger with Rewards:
When your dog calmly observes the trigger, reward them with treats, praise, or their favorite toy. This creates a positive association with the trigger. When the stimuli appear, good things happen.

Gradually Decrease the Distance or Increase Intensity: As your dog becomes more comfortable, gradually decrease the distance between them and the trigger, or increase the intensity of the trigger (e.g., louder noise, bigger dog, etc).

Be Patient and Consistent:
Desensitization and counterconditioning take time and patience. Don’t rush the process, and be consistent with your training sessions.

Example Activities:

Dog/leash Reactivity: If your dog reacts to other dogs, start by walking them parallel to another dog at a safe distance. Reward them for calm behavior. Gradually decrease the distance as they become more comfortable. Alternatively, sit at the park and play games around other dogs passing by, toss some kibble on the ground for them or play a little tug or whatever else the dog may like.

Noise Phobia: If your dog fears loud noises, play recordings of the noise at a low volume while rewarding calm behavior. Gradually increase the volume as they get more comfortable.

Object Fear: If your dog fears an object, place it at a distance they can tolerate and reward them for existing near it or approaching it. Gradually move the object closer as they become more comfortable.

Remember, these are just general guidelines. It’s always best to consult with a qualified dog trainer or behaviorist for personalized guidance and support if you’re struggling.